विश्व में धान (चावल) के कुल उत्पादन का लगभग 80 प्रतिशत हिस्सा कम आय वाले देशों में छोटे स्तर के किसानों द्वारा उगाया जाता है। इसलिए विशेषकर ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में आर्थिक विकास और जीवन में सुधार के लिए दक्ष और उत्पादक धान (चावल) आधारित पद्धति आवश्यक है। अतंर्राष्ट्रीय धान (चावल) वर्ष 2004 ने धान (चावल) को केन्द्र बिंदु मानकर कृषि, खाद्य सुरक्षा, पोषण, कृषि जैव विविधता,पर्यावरण, संस्कृति, आर्थिकी, विज्ञान, लिंगभेद और रोजगार के परस्पर संबंधों को नये नजरिये से देखा है। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय धान (चावल) वर्ष, ‘सूचना प्रदाता’ के रूप में हमारे समक्ष है ताकि सूचना आदान-प्रदान, प्रौद्योगिकी हस्तांतरण और ठोस कार्यों द्वारा धान (चावल) उत्पादक देशों और अन्य सभी देशों के मध्य समन्वय हो सके, जिससे धान (चावल) आधारित पद्धति का विकास और उन्नत प्रबंधन किया जा सके। यह शुरूआत सामूहिक रूप से काम करने का एक सुअवसर है ताकि धान (चावल) के टिकाऊ विकास और धान (चावल) आधारित पद्धतियों में बढ़ते पेचीदा मुद्दों को आसानी से सुलझाया जा सके। मोहनजोदड़ो और हड़प्पा की खुदाइयों में चावल के अवशेष मिले है वैज्ञानिकों का मत है कि भारत में चावल ईसा से 5000 वर्ष पूर्व से उगाया जाता रहा है। चावल का उल्लेख आयुर्वेद एवं हिन्दू ग्रन्थों में भी है। चावल का उपयोग भारत में वैदिक धार्मिक आदि कार्यो में आदिकाल से होता आ रहा है। इन्हीं को आधार मानकर चावल का उत्पत्ति स्थल भारत तथा वर्मा को माना has been.
Farming
Majorly began in China, India and Indonesia, causing three varieties of paddy (rice) – Jeponica, Indica and Javanika.
Land Election and Preparation
Good fertility, flat and good watering capacity matier smooth for cultivation of paddy (rice) The soil remains optimal. Farming of paddy (rice) even in light lands when there is adequate irrigation facility Can be done successfully. Green in April-May in the farm where it is to transplant the paddy (rice) Sowing of Dhanche for manure 20-25kg seed at the rate of the hailer per. As required Irrigate and mix well in the soil when the crop is 5-6 weeks,Fill the water in the field, so that the stalk is well sown. If using green manure If not 20-25 tonnes of gully-sri gober’s compost is scattered in the farm at the rate of hector Well-sold.
Selection of advanced varieties
For the cultivation of paddy (rice) its area should be used for special varieties that are
That is more and more yielded. Major varieties of paddy (rice) are being given below:-
Agati strands (110-115 days): These mainly include Pusa 2-21, Pusa-33, Pusa-834, PNR
-381, PNR-162, Narendra Dhan (Rice)-86, Govind, Saket-4 and Narender Dhan (Rice)-97 etc. are prominent.
The time of the nursery is from 15th May to 15th June and the average yield of these is about 4.5-6.
Up to ton/hactair.
Mid-term varieties (120-125 days): varieties in these main varieties psi-169, psi-205, psi-44,
Sarju-52, Pandhan (Rice)-10 is headed by Pandhan (Rice)-12, IR-64 etc. The main of the nursery insert
The time is from 15th May to 20th June and the average yield is about 5.5-6.5 ton/hactair.
Long-term varieties (130-and more): P.R. 106 in this class, Malaviya-36,
Narendra-359 is the head of Mahsuri etc. The average yield of these is about 6.0-7.0 ton/hector and
The main time to put these nurseries is from May 20 to June 20.
Bassamti varieties: these mainly include Poosa basmati-1, fragrance-2, Poosa fragrance-3, Poosa fragrance-4, Poosa fragrance
A-5, musk-385, basmati-370, crave basmati etc. is prominent. In addition to these few varieties
Like Shirbeti, Grapei, Tericoat, etc. Nursery insert time of all these varieties 15 May to 15
June.
Hybrid varieties: These prominently cult hybrid paddy (rice)-1, the Narendra hybrid paddy (rice)-2, Pro. Agro-6201, pHB-71,
HRI-120, R.H.-204 and the world’s first basmati hybrid paddy (rice) psi
The hybrid-10 (PRH-10) has been developed in Pusa, New Delhi. of these species
Extra is also more varieties of some private companies, which are being grown in various sectors.
Seed quantity and choice
Seeds of selected varieties should be taken from an accredited institution. Once Certified Seeds
After taking, it does not need to be replaced for three years. If the farmer has his seed
Please note that seed germination percentage of 80-90 percent
must be. Before sowing should be trimmed with healthy seeds. For this, 10 percent of salt is used. 2.0 kg to form a solution of salt Warning: Parameter 2 to qtranxf_postsFilter() expected to be a reference, value given in /home/webplayg/public_html/vayanjan.com/wp-includes/class-wp-hook.php on line 286 In this way, clean and healthy harvested 20 kg of seeds are sufficient to prepare a plant for transplanting a hectare in fine-grained variety and 25 kg of seeds in varieties of coarse granules.
Treatment of seeds
Treatment of seeds with a solution of mild and bacterial drugs spread by seeds
Fungal and bacterial diseases are controlled. 5 grams of Immisan or 10 for this
Grams Bavistein and 2.5 g of posai mucin or 1 g streptocycline or 2.5 g of agrimaicin
Spray in 10 liters of water. Now 20 kg of chopped seeds in 25 liters of above solution 24
Keep for bangs. Root melting (foot rate), tingling (blast) and leaf tingling disease
(Bacterial Leaf Blight) etc. helps in the control of diseases.
Preparation and management of nurseries
(a) The area of the nursery should be prepared in a land that is fertile, good water
The exhausted and water is near source. It is enough to prepare seedlings in 1/10 hectares (1000 square meters) area for the transplant of paddy (rice) in a hectare area.
(b) The timing of the sowing of the nursery of the nursery of the nursery of the nursery of the nursery is based on various varieties, but the time from May 15 to June 20 has been found suitable for sowing.
(c) Nursery Bone Method: The way to prepare a plant with a paddy (rice) nursery garden method is more prevalent in North India. For this, fill the water in the field for 2-3 times so that the soil is used and weeds are destroyed. After the last tillage, put the harvest and dry the farm. Warning: Parameter 2 to qtranxf_postsFilter() expected to be a reference, value given in /home/webplayg/public_html/vayanjan.com/wp-includes/class-wp-hook.php on line 286 After making the ears, fill the water in the nursery to a height of 5 cm and sprinkle the germinated seeds evenly in the ears. Take the water standing in the morning next day and sinch with fresh water after a day
(d) Paul’s age for transplantation: normally when the plant is 25-30 days old and in it
It is suitable for seedlings if 5-6 leaves are released. If the age of the plant is high
So after transplanting the bats are low and the yield decreases and if the age of the seedlings is 35 days
If exceeded, it should not be used for transplantation.
Plant transplant
One day before transplanting the seedlings, watering in the nursery will be filled in the nursery.
Take care of the time. Do not damage when washing the roots of plants and significantly lower the plants
Hold from. In the transplant rows of seedlings. Distance from row to row 20 cm and plant from plant
Distance should be kept 10cm. Plant 2 to 3 plants in one place. thus in a sqm
There should be about 50 plants.
The quantity and use of fertilizers:
Green manure or gober or compost to maintain greater yield and fertility of land
Use. The amount of nitrogen is used for green manure.
Can be reduced, as about 50-60 kg of nitrogen per hectare from sunshine or stems
होती है। उर्वरकों का प्रयोग भूमि परीक्षण के आधार पर करना चाहिए। धान (चावल) की बौनी किस्मों के लिए120 कि.ग्रा. नाइट्रोजन, 60 कि.ग्रा. फास्फोरस, 40 कि.ग्रा. पोटाश और 25 कि.ग्रा. जिंक सल्फेट प्रति हैक्टेयर की दर से देना चाहिए। बासमती किस्मों के लिए 100-120 कि.ग्रा. नाइट्रोजन, 50-60 किग्रा. फास्फोरस, 40-50 कि.ग्रा. पोटाश और 20-25 कि.ग्रा. जिंक सल्फेट प्रति हैक्टर देना चाहिए। जबकि संकर धान (चावल) के लिए 130-140कि.ग्रा. नाइट्रोजन, 60-70 कि.ग्रा. फास्फोरस, 50-60 किग्रा. पोटाश, 25-30 कि.ग्रा. जिंक सल्फेट प्रति हैक्टेयर देना चाहिए। यूरिया की पहली तिहाई मात्रा का प्रयोग रोपाई के 5-8 दिन बाद दी जानी चाहिए। जब पौधे अच्छी तरह से जड पकड़ लें। दूसरी एक तिहाई यूरिया की मात्रा कल्ले फूटते समय (रोपाई के 25-30 दिन बाद) तथा शेष एक तिहाई हिस्सा फूल आने से पहले (रोपाई के 50-60 दिन बाद) खड़ी फसल में छिड़काव करके की जानी चाहिए।
The entire amount of phosphorus by single super phosphate or dye ammonium phosphate (DAP),
The entire amount of potash, through the Merate of Potash and the entire amount of zinc sulfate paddy (rice)
Before transplanting, mix well into the soil. In case of any reason, weep
It can also be sprayed if time zinc sulfate fertilizer is not fertilized.
Spraying 3 at intervals of 15-15 days for 0.5 percent zinc sulfate $2.5 percent should be done with a solution of urea. The first spraying seedlings can be carried out a month later.
Use of Neil Green algae
About 20-25 kg per hectare in the amount of nitrogen from using Neil Green algae
The rate of decreasing can be 10-15 kg of vaccine for the use of euca green algae (Soil
based) After a week of transplant, the water per hectare is dispersed at the rate of
is. Algae should be used continuously for at least three years. This results in good results. Soil-based vaccine that contains algae spores can be purchased at a rate of Rs.10 per kg. If Neil is using green algae, keep in mind that the water in the farm is not found to dry otherwise the algae stick to the ground and their nitrogen aggregation capacity is reduced.
Irrigation and Water Management
For the harvest of paddy (rice) water is necessary but it is not necessary to keep more watery in the crop. 5-6 cm water should be kept in equal farm for 2-3 weeks of transplantation. After this, water should be filled in the farm. It is important to note that there is no lack of moisture in the field from footwear to granules, and there is no crack in the land, otherwise there may be a huge reduction in yields.
Anurai, Tickling and Weed Control
Scraper or paddyder can be used to destroy weeds of paddy (rice).
Weeding drugs should be used for chemical weed control. In the field of paddy (rice) some shakanashio is mentioned in the table for weed control. Method of using vegetarians
1. Make the required amount of weeding chemicals dissolved with 600 liters of water per per day
Should be sprayed evenly at the rate of the hectare.
2. The required amount of weeding chemicals in transplanted paddy (rice) to 60 kg Dry sand in good
Mix well. After 2-3 days of transplant, 4-5 cm water should be evenly dispersed.
Precautions
1. The instructions written on the cans before use of each weeding chemical and its
Carefully read the prescription and follow the method of the procedure.
2. Spray the sufficient amount of herbicide chemicals at a reasonable time.
3. Use the proper amount of water.
4. The snatching and water solution should be filled in the spray machine only.
5. Spray evenly throughout the farm of shakanashi.
6. The weather should be clean when spraying and the wind speed should not be accelerated.
7. At the time of spraying should have sufficient moisture in the land.
Major diseases and their prevention:
(1) Blast or swelling diseases:–
This disease spreads from the fungus. All parts of the plant are affected by this disease. In the early stages this disease appears as spots on the leaves. On the edge of the stains, the colour between the colours of the ash is coloured. When there is a rapid invasion of the disease, turn from the base of the earring. The filler of the stem is not complete.
Determination:–
(1) Sow the treated seeds, (2) Complete the seedlings in the first tree of July. late
When transplanting from the swell increases the likelihood of the disease, (3) if brown on the leaves
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Spray in the hectire. Spraying of these drugs 2-3 times 10 days
Can be done as required at intervals of (4) when the disease arrives in sensitive varieties
Reduce Nitrogen and (5) Burning after harvesting the residues of the diseased crop
must.
(2) Leaf tingling disease:-
This disease occurs by bacteria. This disease in plants from a small stage
From mature stage to time can occur. From the upper part of the leaves in this disease
Starting and drying to the middle part. dry yellow leaves as well as stains such as ash color
Also visible. The whole crop appears to be tingling. That’s why it’s called a swell disease.
Control:-
(1) For its control should not tapdress the nitrogen. (2) Water
Withdrawal of cactair streptocycline 15 g or 500 g of capper oxychloride
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Spraying, (3) Let the water in the field in which the disease symptoms do not go into another farm.
This makes it prone to spread of the disease.
(3) Gutan shulsa (Shith Blight):-
This disease also spreads by mildew. Leaf from its outbreak
2-3 cm long brown spots on the vial (guttan) that gradually turn into brown
is. Blue-colored thin stripe-C is formed around the spots.
Control:-
Spray the following drugs for the prevention of this disease-(1) carbendazim
Spray 500 g of the drug at a rate of hectare per dissolved in 500 liters of water, (2) Bavistein
Of 300ml Dose or hynosan dissolved in 500 liters of 1 liter of water per hectare
Spray at rate (3) If the symptoms of the disease appear, reduce the spray of nitrogen.
4 . Wellness Disease:-
The disease is characterized by a lack of gas in the paddy. Lower leaves when it comes to
The yellowing begins and the subsequent sneezing spots of the spinning color on the leaves begin to emerge
is. The disease in the acute state of the disease begins to dry the grated leaves. Reduces blurry and
The growth of plants is stopped.
Control:-
(1) It is not diseased for 25 kg of zinc sulfate per hectare at the rate of
When preparing the farm before transplanting should be put. (2) its prevention after illness occurs
For 5 kg of zinc sulfate and 2.5 kg of lime dissolved in 600-700 liters of water
Spray in the hectare. Spray after 10 days if there is no prevention. In the Hospital
The symptoms of gira should be sprayed on the same solution when manifested.
5 . Tungro virus disease:-
Tungro This disease spreads through green pulverized pests. If the disease outbreak
The initial stage i.e. is completed in 60 days. This makes the plant dwarf due to the disease.
Also less formed, the color of the leaves becomes the same or brown in the golden color. Earrings in diseased plants
Lately formed, in which the rash does not fall either, and if there is a lot of light.
Control:-
(1) For the prevention of this disease one-two patient plants appear in the field,
The roots of the plant before transplanting should be removed from the farm, (2) 0.62 percent
Chloropyrifase should be immersed in the solution, (3) 8-10 pests when the bat is formed and the balia arrives
Carbofuran 3G per hectare when visible per hill is 3-5 cm water at rate of 20 kg
Use in.
Major pests and controls of paddy (rice)
On the harvest of paddy (rice) the following pests mainly harm -
1 . Stem borer:-
Stem borerhole This is striped pink, yellow or white. of this worm
Soon damages. Dry the main stem of plants from its outbreak in the predominant state of the crop
It is called ‘Dad Hart’.
Control:-
(1) 20-25 and 70 days after transplant for its control 250ml. Demembrane
85 E.C. or 800ml Monochromophos 30 W.P. dissolved in 750 liters of water
Spraying or 25kg 30 and 70 days after carbofuran seedlings pour into standing water, (2)
To prevent stem from spreading the next year of the sond of the pierced worms, burn the roots of the paddy (rice)
Destroy or dissipate deep, (3) the stem hole worms from the light trep and end
can.
2 . Leaf Wrap Wedge (Leaf Folder):-
The head of the gentle leaves of this bug flour plants
Wrapped from the side and make the tunnel-C and eat inside. The color of the leaves of the fruitful plants flies and the leaves dry on the side of the head. More harm
The crop begins to appear white and watery when it occurs. From August to October
by loss occurs.
Control:-
(1) The insects can hit the light trep by applying.(2) Andosfan (35 EC.
) One liter of the drug is sprayed at the rate of hectier per dissolved in 500-600 liters of water
Send
3. Odor worm of paddy (rice):-
Adult and low of odor bugs suck both milky granules and leaves juice
is. Consequently, Dana fills partially or remains hollow. by touching this bug or
The sneeze gives a very sharp smell. This is why it is also called odor bug.
Control:-
30 kg of phalidal or Malathian powder for the prevention of this keyday
Take a fever at the rate of hectares or 1.2 nits of Idosulfan 35 EC and 500-600 liters of medicine
Spray the water at the rate of the hectare per solution.
4. Mellow or Phuda (Happy):
These insects are very small-sized and brown-dyed
On the nettle surface of the nail are found in the middle of the nail and suck the juice of the stem and leaves. it
The green-filled harvest from the outbreak is swollen suddenly. ‘Hopper Burn’ to the annoying part
Says.
Control:-
For the control of these insects, 33 kg of Feradaan 3 g per hectare or thimet
10 kg of 10 g per hectare quantity should be put in the lower parts of plants.
Control of mice
In the harvest of paddy (rice) the rats also cause great damage. Control of mice is a collective task.
Ekaki control is ineffective. All available methods for their destiny such as mice,
Addictive food, Signs gas to use etc. First for the correct use of the ingredients
The day should be disharmed food. 2nd Day 19 Part Maize, Wheat, Rice, One Part Retafin or
Rodafin should be added with oil and sugar. After giving a meal for a week
Zinc phosphoide mixed food 95 part (by load) tide grains, 2.5 part zinc phosphoide and
The more part should be added to the mustard oil. Murray mice should be pressed into the ground.
Cutting and weeding
All varieties ripen after about a month after the buds are released. For harvesting when 80
Percentage of bales ripen 80 per cent and moisture in them is 20 per cent, the time of harvesting The above is From harvesting to ground surface and above ground surface
15-20 cm should be done above. Malay is normally beaten by hand. Strength
Driven Thresher also uses large farmers for the merry. Harvesting and harvesting by Kambain
The task of the merry becomes together. After the merry, make the donations clean. After cleaning
The donations of the paddy (rice) should be thoroughly dried and disbursed. 12 of the donations prior to the storage
Percentage dries up to moisture.
yield
The per hectare of early ripening species on adoption of all the above-mentioned functions and species
Average yield 40 to 50 quintals, per hectare yield 50 from medium and late ripening species
The average yield per hectare from 60 quintals and hybrid paddy (rice) is 60-70 quintals.
